{"id":357,"date":"2025-11-05T16:46:29","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T15:46:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sudariumchristi.stage.bergwerk-it.de\/poezie-si-adevar\/in-cautare-de-urme-in-orientul-apropiat\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T13:43:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T12:43:12","slug":"in-cautare-de-urme-in-orientul-apropiat","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/poezie-si-adevar\/in-cautare-de-urme-in-orientul-apropiat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cen c\u0103utare de urme \u00een Orientul Apropiat"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"357\" class=\"elementor elementor-357 elementor-42\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1a1bb9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e1a1bb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f259066 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f259066\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5400859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5400859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"txt1\"><b>\u00cenc\u0103 din perioada cre\u015ftin\u0103 timpurie<\/b> s-a pomenit at\u00e2t pe cale oral\u0103 c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een scris despre o \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 ce-L \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103 pe Iisus Hristos. O serie de denumiri misterioase, folosite \u015fi \u00een iconografie &#8211; precum marama din Kamulia, Mandylion, Acheiropo\u00edetos, marama Veronic\u0103i sau marama Volto Santo (V\u0103lul Sf\u00e2nt) &#8211; par s\u0103 \u00eengreuneze c\u0103utarea de dovezi \u00een documente, legende \u015fi poezie. \u015etim de asemenea c\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00cenvierea M\u00e2ntuitorului, \u00een morm\u00e2ntul S\u0103u s-au aflat mai multe \u0163es\u0103turi. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 cele de in, evanghelistul Ioan relateaz\u0103 in Evanghelia Sa de Pa\u015fte despre o maram\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103turat\u0103 (gr. \u201eentylisso\u201c):  <\/p><p class=\"txt1\"><b>\u201ea v\u0103zut giulgiurile odihnindu-se, dar n-a intrat. A venit \u015fi Simon Petru, urm\u00e2ndu-i, \u015fi a intrat \u00een morm\u00e2nt \u015fi a v\u0103zut giulgiurile odihnindu-se; \u015fi marama care fusese pe capul S\u0103u nu se odihnea laolalt\u0103 cu giulgiurile, ci, \u00eenv\u0103luit\u0103, \u00eentr-un loc deoparte.\u201c <\/b>(Ioan, 20, 5-7)<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00cen acest scurt pasaj nu se relateaz\u0103 despre vreo imagine r\u0103mas\u0103 imprimat\u0103. Acest lucru ar fi periciclitat existen\u0163a \u0163es\u0103turilor intr-un Ierusalim iudaic. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 orice \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 folosit\u0103 la inmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri era considerat\u0103 \u201eimpur\u0103\u201c. Iar \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, \u00een acea vreme imaginile erau interzise.   <\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00cen cele ce urmeaz\u0103, ne vom limita la unele indicii care, vechi de aproape dou\u0103 mii de ani, ar putea avea legatur\u0103 cu marama de la Manoppello. Tocmai datorit\u0103 formatului ei (24 x 17,5 cm), unele dintre acestea au leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu marama \u015fi nicidecum cu Giulgiul de la Torino (437 x 111 cm). <\/p><p class=\"txt1\"><b>Intr-un text georgian<\/b> din sec. al 6-lea st\u0103 scris c\u0103 Fecioara Maria a primit din m\u00e2inile lui Dumnezeu un v\u0103l cu Chipul Fiului Ei ap\u0103rut pe un giulgiu. Pe acesta, Fecioara Maria, atunci c\u00e2nd se ruga, \u00eel desf\u0103\u015fura c\u0103tre r\u0103s\u0103rit.<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">Alte legende ne vorbesc despre<b> \u00eemp\u0103ratul Abgar V. din Edesa<\/b> (sec. 4 \u00ee.d.Hr. \u2013 sec. 7 d. Hr. \u015fi sec. 13 \u2013 50 d. Hr.) care de asemenea ar fi primit o \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 cu Chipul M\u00e2ntuitorului. Conform scrierilor istorice, \u0163es\u0103tura s-ar fi aflat \u00een Edesa (Turcia de azi) timp de 400 de ani. C\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 ora\u015ful a fost cucerit de per\u015fi \u00een anul 544, marama a fost luat\u0103 din ascunz\u0103toarea ei \u015fi acest lucru a dus la eliberarea Edesei.  <\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00cen imperiul bizantin, marama era cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de Mandylion (lb. arab\u0103 Mandil = \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103) sau v\u0103lul din Kamulia. \u00cen anul 574 ea a fost dus\u0103 la Constantinopol.<\/p><p class=\"txt1\"><b>\u00cen sec. al 6-lea<\/b> \u00een Memphis (Egipt) se relateaz\u0103 despre existen\u0163a unei \u0163es\u0103turi de in cu care Iisus Hristos \u00ce\u015fi \u015ftersese fa\u0163a. Pe aceast\u0103 \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 a r\u0103mas imprimat Chipul S\u0103u, ce nu putea fi deslu\u015fit cu u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 deoarece se schimba continuu. Aceast\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 ne aminte\u015fte din nou de marama de la Manoppello. Mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een sec. al 19-lea, \u00een acela\u015fi \u0163inut egiptean s-au descoperit numeroase portrete de mumii considerate precursoare ale iconografiei.   <\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00cen anul 586 <b>Theopylaktos Simokattes<\/b> nume\u015fte marama art\u0103 dumnezeiasc\u0103, neatins\u0103 de m\u00e2n\u0103 de \u0163es\u0103tor ori de culoare de pictor.<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00cen anul 594 Evagrius Scholasticus descrie giulgiul de la Edesa \u201eimagine creat\u0103 de Dumnezeu, \u015fi nicidecum de m\u00e2n\u0103 omeneasc\u0103\u201c. Tot la fel \u015fi v\u0103lul din Kamulia a fost numit Acheiropo\u00edetos (\u201eneatins de m\u00e2n\u0103 omeneasc\u0103\u201c).<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u00centre 574 \u015fi aprox. 700 acest <b>Acheiropo\u00edetos<\/b> reprezenta o adev\u0103rat\u0103 comoar\u0103 \u00een Constantinopol \u015fi avea drept scop motivarea solda\u0163ilor din campaniile militare.<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul sec. al 7-lea \u015fi \u00eenceputul sec. al 8-lea, marama nu se mai afl\u0103 la loc sigur \u00een Constantinopol \u015fi ajunge la Roma. Aici ea poart\u0103 denumirea de \u201eVeronica\u201c \u015fi este p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een incinta Vaticanului p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1204.    <\/p><p class=\"txt1\">Chiar \u015fi <b>Dante Alighieri<\/b> (1265-1321) men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een a sa \u201eDivina Comedie\u201c despre Chipul Adev\u0103rat, despre a\u015fa numita \u201eVera Icon\u201c (\u201eAdev\u0103rata Icoan\u0103\u201c):<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">Qual \u00e8 colui che forse di Croazia<br>viene a veder la Veronica nostra,<br>che per l&#8217;antica fame non sen sazia,<br>ma dice nel pensier, fin che si mostra:<br>&#8216;Segnor mio Ies\u00f9 Cristo, Dio verace,<br>or fu s\u00ec fatta la sembianza vostra?<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">Unul de prin provinciile Croa\u0163iei,<br>Vine s\u0103 vad\u0103 Adev\u0103rata Icoan\u0103,<br>\u015ei nes\u0103tur\u00e2ndu-se privind vechea m\u0103re\u0163ie,<br>gr\u0103ie\u015fte cu fior:<br>Doamne Iisuse Hristoase, Dumnezeu adev\u0103rat,<br>\u00cen a\u015fa fel ni te-ai ar\u0103tat-?<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">La fel \u015fi pasajul urm\u0103tor se refer\u0103 la aceast\u0103 \u201eAdev\u0103rat\u0103 Icoan\u0103\u201c:<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">Dentro da s\u00e9, del suo colore stesso,<br>mi parve pinta de la nostra effige,<br>per che \u00b4il mio viso in lei tutto era messo.<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">\u201ep\u0103ru-n coloarea proprie ce-avea<br>c\u0103-n ea al nostru chip \u00eel zugr\u0103ve\u015fte,<br>deci \u015fi mai ad\u00e2ncit privii \u00een ea.\u201c<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">Acest citat pune \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 lumin\u0103 scena fiului risipitor din versurile c\u00e2ntului de perle (scrierile lui Toma, prima jum. a sec. al 3-lea, \u00een apropiere de Odesa).<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">\u201ePe p\u00e2nz\u0103 chinezeasc\u0103, scris\u0103 cu ro\u015fioar\u0103, mi se \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103 cu chipul s\u0103u luminos\u201c<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">\u015fi<\/p><p class=\"txt2\">\u201e\u015fi astfel chipul str\u0103lucitor ce mi se arat\u0103<br>devine reflexia propriei imagini<br>L-am contemplat \u00een mine<br>\u015fi prin el m-am privit din exterior<br>\u015fi eram doi diferi\u0163i<br>\u015fi totu\u015fi unul \u00een egalitate&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"txt1\">Ne\u015ftiind c\u0103 la lumin\u0103 imaginea de pe n\u0103fram\u0103 dispare, Martin Luther \u00eei critica pe papi \u00een 1545, sus\u0163in\u00e2nd c\u0103 ace\u015ftia le ar\u0103tau pelerinilor o \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 transparent\u0103 \u00een loc de n\u0103frama Veronic\u0103i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62e5704 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62e5704\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71d0c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f71d0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1844\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u00cemp\u0103ratul Abgar V., E. Ballerini, 1940<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f864372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f864372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1845\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"> Detaliu de pe o fresc\u0103 a lui Benozzo Gozzoli (\u00een jurul anului 1450), Biserica SS Domenicoe Sisto, Roma <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27163f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"27163f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1846\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Icoan\u0103 ruseasc\u0103, Biserica Sf\u00e2nta Veronica, Via Dolorosa, Ierusalim<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9a19bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a9a19bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1847\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_5.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_5-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">M\u00e2ntuitorul, Andrej Rubljow, anul 10 al sec. al 15-lea<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb049ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fb049ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/search_2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1848\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"> Ilustra\u0163ie de pe un manuscris al Divinei Comedii, Vene\u0163ia, 1390<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cenc\u0103 din perioada cre\u015ftin\u0103 timpurie s-a pomenit at\u00e2t pe cale oral\u0103 c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een scris despre o \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 ce-L \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103 pe Iisus Hristos. O serie de denumiri misterioase, folosite \u015fi \u00een iconografie &#8211; precum marama din Kamulia, Mandylion, Acheiropo\u00edetos, marama Veronic\u0103i sau marama Volto Santo (V\u0103lul Sf\u00e2nt) &#8211; par s\u0103 \u00eengreuneze c\u0103utarea de dovezi \u00een [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":349,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-357","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=357"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3680,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357\/revisions\/3680"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudariumchristi.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}